Sore Throat

A sore throat can feel unpleasant, painful and cause swallowing difficulty sometimes. Most sore throats are caused by an infection, but there are other reasons for why your throat may feel scratchy.

How to manage a sore throat?

Pain in the throat can be a sign of an infection like the cold or the flu. In most cases, it clears up within a week but if your sore throat is accompanied by fever consider consulting your doctor for advice.

Are you finding it difficult to swallow? Does it feel like there’s something stuck at the back of your throat? Do you have a hoarse voice and your throat is scratchy?

These are common signs of a sore throat. When you have a throat that hurts, you’ll want to know what caused it. That way, you can effectively treat it and return to pain-free eating and drinking quickly.

What are the three common signs / symptoms of a sore throat?

The signs and symptoms of a sore throat vary depending on what’s causing it. But the top signs that your throat is sore usually include:

1. A scratchy feeling at the back of your throat

2. Pain in the throat or at the back of the mouth

3. Finding it difficult to swallow

Sometimes an itch at the back of your throat goes away when you sip some water. Other times it can linger and cause severe pain. Watch out for these three signs of sore throat.

What are sore throat symptoms?

A sore and painful throat will usually feel inflamed and irritable. Sore throats often accompany the common cold or the flu, but they can be signs of a more serious infection like strep throat. Watch out for these symptoms.

Most people notice that their throat is sore when it’s painful to swallow or they feel like something is stuck at the back of their throat and scratching against the lining of the throat.

Common signs of a sore throat include:

A scratchy, raw, burning or tender throat

Pain in the throat or at the back of the mouth

Finding it difficult to swallow

Hoarse voice

Swollen glands around the jaw and neck area

Swollen tonsils

Difficulty breathing

Pain when eating or drinking

Depending on the underlying causes of a sore throat you may also have any of the following symptoms:

Cough
Headache
Fever
Pus at the back of the throat
Small red spots on the roof of the mouth
Nasal congestion
Runny nose
Chills and body aches
Reduced appetite

Although most sore throats go away with home treatment within one weekⁱ and are manageable with pain medication like Paracetamol such as Crocin, you should visit a doctor if your sore throat persists. Seek medical help if you notice:

A sore throat that doesn’t go away
Difficulty breathing
Fever
Swelling in the neck
Pain in the ear
Skin rash

What causes a sore throat?

There are many different causes for a sore throat— from cold to a bacterial or viral infection. To decide, most appropriate management option, it’s important to understand the underlying causes for what’s causing you pain.

Sore throats are incredibly common and may affect people multiple times a year. Approximately 10% of patients visiting a doctor complain of recurring scratchy throatⁱⁱ.

In the majority of cases, a throat infection is caused by viruses or bacteria. It’s estimated that viruses cause around 85% of throat infections in adults and 70% in children, while bacteria are to blame for 30% of sore throatsⁱⁱⁱ.

But what’s the difference between viral infection and bacteria?

Viral infections that can cause painful swallowing include cold, the flu, measles, Covid-19, and chickenpox.

Bacteria can cause strep throat. Infection with the streptococcus bacteria is responsible for 5% to 15% of painful throats in adults^vi.

Besides a painful throat, other symptoms of a strep infection include:

Loss of appetite
Painful or swollen tonsils
Small red spots on the roof of the mouth
Swollen lymph nodes
Fever

If you suspect strep throat, it’s best to go see a doctor. They can perform a throat swab to determine if bacteria are present. Where strep is caused by bacterial infection, you may need to take antibiotics to get rid of the infection^v.

A sore throat that accompanies a sinus infection is a special case, because it could be caused by either viruses or bacteria. If you have a sinus infection that doesn’t go away after two weeks, it’s best to see a doctor.

Other causes for a sore throat are^vi:

Allergies: When your immune system triggers an allergic response to pollen, dust mites or pet hair, it can cause your throat to feel inflamed and irritated. Post-nasal drip may make it feel even worse.
Smoking: If you’re a smoker, you may get sore throats more often because the tobacco irritates the lining at the back of the throat.
Air pollution and other chemicals: People who work with toxic chemicals or are exposed to polluted air regularly may find their throats hurting more often.
Dry air: During winter, your throat could be scratchy because of the heating drying it out.
A tear or injury: Small injuries from swallowing a piece of food or even shouting too loudly can leave your throat to feel irritated and painful.
Acid reflux: Occasional indigestion is nothing to worry about. But if you suffer from acid reflux regularly, the lining at the back of your throat and mouth may become increasingly irritated by the stomach acid.

How to treat a sore throat^x?

The right sore throat treatment depends on the underlying causes. In most cases, home remedies like sipping warm, soothing drinks work well. To reduce inflammation and the pain, you can take pain medication like ibuprofen or paracetamol after doctor consultation. In many cases, a sore throat can be treated using home remedies. The following tend to relieve the pain:

Gargle with a mixture of warm water and salt (1 teaspoon). Avoid using hot water as that may aggravate your throat even more.

Drink plenty of fluids to keep the throat moist. Herbal tea with honey or warm water with leman are good choices. Honey has been shown to be an effective treatment for sore throat^vi.

Eat soft foods like soup to avoid worsening the inflammation.

Use lozenges to keep the throat moist and reduce the pain.

Avoid shouting, singing and sometimes even speaking to relax a hoarse voice.

Whenever you suffer from sore throat, sometimes home treatments aren't enough. You can try Crocin Cof & Throat, which may help in sore throat.

Preventive measures for other causes of sore throat include^xii:

Cause	Treatment
Allergies	Over-the-counter allergy medication (pills or nose spray)
Smoking	Stopping smoking has a wide range of health benefits. You can try nicotine gums and patches to wean yourself off cigarettes.
Air pollution / Chemicals	Wear protective masks and gloves to avoid inhalation of toxic or harmful gases.
Dry air	Get a humidifier and sip fluids more frequently throughout the day.
Injury	If it’s a small cut, disinfect the wound by gargling with water and salt. In case of injury or trauma to the throat, see a doctor.
Acid reflux	Antacids are available as over-the-counter tablets or on prescription if your acid reflux is severe.

References

i. Parmet S. Sore Throat. JAMA. 2004;291(13):1664. doi:10.1001/jama.291.13.1664 [Accessed 13 November 2020]
ii. Georgalas CC, Tolley NS, Narula PA. Tonsillitis. BMJ Clinical Evidence. 2014;2014. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4106232/ [Accessed 13 November 2020]
iii. Worrall G. Acute sore throat. Canadian family physician Medecin de famille canadien. 2011;57(7):791-794. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3135445/ [Accessed 13 November 2020]
iv. Group A Strep. Published 2019. https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-hcp/strep-throat.html [Accessed 13 November 2020]
v. CDC. Sore Throat. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Published August 30, 2019. https://www.cdc.gov/antibiotic-use/community/for-patients/common-illnesses/sore-throat.html [Accessed 13 November 2020]
vi. Paul IM, Beiler J, McMonagle A, Shaffer ML, Duda L, Berlin CM. Effect of honey, dextromethorphan, and no treatment on nocturnal cough and sleep quality for coughing children and their parents. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine. 2007;161(12):1140-1146. doi:10.1001/archpedi.161.12.1140 [Accessed 13 November 2020]
vii. How to reduce the spread of antibiotic resistance European Office, World Health Organization. https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/disease-prevention/antimicrobial-resistance/news/news/2012/11/antibiotic-resistance-a-growing-threat/how-to-reduce-the-spread-of-antibiotic-resistance [Accessed 17 Mar 21]
viii. Kenealy T. Sore throat. BMJ Clinical Evidence. 2014;2014. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3948435/ [Accessed 13 November 2020]
x. Sore throat causes and treatments. www.nhsinform.scot. https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/ears-nose-and-throat/sore-throat
xii. Seven Tips to Help You Prevent a Sore Throat. ENT Health. Accessed December 10, 2020. https://www.enthealth.org/be_ent_smart/seven-tips-to-help-you-prevent-a-sore-throat/